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570 CE — The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is born in Mecca, his father passes away before his birth. An Abyssinian ruler tries to destroy the Kaaba in Mecca but his army is defeated by a flock of birds sent by God who vanquish the army by stoning them to death with pebbles (Quran 105).

576 CE — The Prophet Muhammad's ﷺ mother passes away, he is taken into the care of his grandfather.

578 CE — The Prophet Muhammad's ﷺ grandfather passes away and he is taken into the care of his uncle, Abu Talib.

595 CE — Marriage to Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. A wealthy widow who was his senior. She became the mother of all of his children bar one, Ibrahim.

604 CE — A torrent damages the Kaaba and it is rebuilt by the tribe of Quraysh. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ places the Black Stone back into its place.

610 CE — The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ receives the first revelation in the form of true dreams and the first verses of the Quran in a cave on Mount Hira near Mecca.

611 CE — The Prophet ﷺ begins to pass on the message to close friends and relatives, who accept the message of Islam.

615 CE — The leaders of Quraysh show hostility to the message of Islam and torture Muslims. A small group of 15 decide to migrate to Abyssinia.

616 CE — The Prophet's ﷺ uncle Hamzah and an enemy of the Muslims named Umar bin al-Khattab both accept Islam. The migrants return from Abyssinia.

617 CE — The Quraysh boycott the Prophet's ﷺ clan unless they hand him over to be killed. This continued for two or three years.

617 CE — A larger group of Muslims (100 plus children) are forced to migrate to Abyssinia. The Christian Negus welcomes them.

619 CE — The boycott ends and a delegation of 20 Christians from Najran in Yemen come to Mecca and convert to Islam. Khadijah and Abu Talib die.

619 CE — The Prophet ﷺ marries Sawdah granting her the protection of his clan and care for his youngest daughters. He also marries A'ishah, the daughter of Abu Bakr.

620 CE — The Prophet ﷺ attempts to spread the message of Islam to the tribe of Thaqif in Ta'if, 100km southeast of Mecca, he is met with rejection and humiliation.

620 CE — The Prophet ﷺ presents Islam to some tribes that perform pilgrimage to Mecca. 6 men from Yathrib accept Islam.

c. 621 CE — The Prophet ﷺ is taken on the miraculous Night Journey to Jerusalem in one night and Ascension through the heavens. The prayer is made obligatory. The exact date is disputed, but it was before the Hijrah.

621 CE — 12 men come from Yathrib and pledge allegiance to the Prophet ﷺ at Al-Aqabah. The Prophet ﷺ sends Mus'ab to teach them.

622 CE — 75 new converts come from Yathrib and pledge allegiance to the Prophet ﷺ. They agree to give him authority over Yathrib.

622 CE — The Muslims in Mecca slowly begin to sneak away to Yathrib and the Quraysh make a plan to assassinate the Prophet ﷺ in his sleep.

622 CE · 1 AH — The Prophet ﷺ flees to Yathrib, his best friend, Abu Bakr, accompanies him on the journey, and they reach Quba on 12 Rabi' al-Awwal (September 622). Yathrib is renamed "Madinah al-Nabi" (The Prophet's City i.e. Medina). The Islamic calendar later took 1 Muharram of this year as its starting point.

622 CE · 1 AH — The first mosque built by the Prophet ﷺ is established in Quba, just outside of Medina. The Prophet's ﷺ mosque and dwelling are also built.

623 CE · 1–2 AH — The Prophet ﷺ makes pacts with the Jewish tribes surrounding Medina, recorded in the Constitution of Medina (Ibn Hisham). The Muslims attack the trade caravans of Quraysh.

624 CE · 2 AH — The Muslims engage in battle with the Quraysh at Badr between Mecca and Medina, in Ramadan. The Muslims number around 300 and the Quraysh 1000, yet the Muslims are victorious.

624 CE · 2 AH — The Prophet's ﷺ daughter, Ruqayyah, dies. She was ill during Badr, which is why her husband 'Uthman stayed behind (Sahih al-Bukhari 3130).

625 CE · 3 AH — The Prophet ﷺ marries Hafsah, the daughter of Umar. Around this time, drinking wine is made prohibited.

625 CE · 3 AH — The Quraysh assemble an army of 3,000 in order to take revenge. They clash with the Muslims at Mount Uhud, just outside of Medina, and defeat the Muslims.

625 CE · 4 AH — The Jews of the Nadir tribe conspire to kill the Prophet ﷺ. They are given 3 days to leave but refuse and are eventually expelled from the outskirts of Medina (Quran 59; Ibn Hisham).

627 CE · 5 AH — The Quraysh and some other Arab tribes (encouraged by the Nadir tribe) amass an army of 10,000 to attack the Muslims in Medina. The Muslims build a trench around Medina and are victorious.

627 CE · 5 AH — The Jewish Qurayzah tribe who broke their pact and betrayed the Muslims at the Battle of the Trench are besieged until they surrender and are punished (Sahih al-Bukhari 4121; Ibn Hisham).

627–628 CE · 5–6 AH — Rules of chastity, decency, and modesty are legislated. Scholars differ over the year the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) was made obligatory: some say 6 AH, others later.

628 CE · 6 AH — 1,400 Muslims head to Mecca to perform minor pilgrimage (umrah) but are barred from entering. They make a 10-year peace treaty with the Quraysh at Hudaybiyyah.

628 CE · 6 AH — Muslim women were made prohibited for their non-Muslim husbands. Likewise, non-Muslim women were made prohibited for their Muslim husbands.

628 CE · 6–7 AH — Thanks to the safe passage offered by the treaty, the Prophet ﷺ sent letters to various rulers (Caesar Heraclius, the Abyssinian Negus, the Sasanid Khosrow, et al.) inviting them to Islam.

628 CE · 7 AH — The Battle of Khaybar occurred between the Muslims and some Jewish tribes who had betrayed them at the Battle of the Trench. 15 Muslims were killed and 93 Jews. The Prophet ﷺ married Safiyyah, a Jewish convert to Islam (Ibn Hisham).

628 CE · 7 AH — The remaining Muslims in Abyssinia return, reaching the Prophet ﷺ at Khaybar (Sahih al-Bukhari 4230).

629 CE · 8 AH — One of the staunchest enemies of the Muslims, Khalid bin Walid, converts to Islam.

629 CE · 8 AH — A Muslim army of 3,000 head to Mu'tah to pre-empt an attack from the Byzantines. They are met by an army of at least 50,000 and manage to strike fear into them thanks to Khalid's military genius.

629–630 CE · 8 AH — The Quraysh breach the treaty they had with the Muslims and the Prophet ﷺ takes a huge army to Mecca and conquers it with virtually zero bloodshed.

630 CE · 8 AH — Abu Sufyan, the chief of Quraysh and Prophet's ﷺ father-in-law, converts to Islam as well as many others.

629–630 CE · 8 AH — The Prophet's ﷺ oldest daughter Zaynab died and his son, Ibrahim was born.

630 CE · 9 AH — The Byzantine Empire gathers large armies in order to attack the Muslims. The Muslims gather all of their resources and an army sets out to Tabuk in the intense heat. When they arrive, the Byzantines had fled.

630 CE · 9 AH — The Negus Armah (who converted to Islam) passes away and the Prophet ﷺ prays his funeral prayer with the Muslims in Medina.

630–631 CE · 9 AH — The second youngest daughter of the Prophet ﷺ, Umm Kulthum, passes away. Numerous large delegations come and convert to Islam.

632 CE · 10 AH — The Prophet's ﷺ son, Ibrahim, dies.

632 CE · 10 AH — The Prophet ﷺ performs the major pilgrimage (Hajj) and gives his final sermons; tens of thousands of Muslims are present.

632 CE · 11 AH — The Prophet ﷺ becomes ill. The illness lasts for 11 days before he passes away.

632 CE · 11 AH — Leadership of the Muslims is given to Abu Bakr by agreement of the companions.